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Identify pertinent patient data by placing a single underline beneath the objective data in the case study and a double underline beneath the subjective data levitra professional 20 mg online. Pretend you are performing a nursing but at 5 feet 3 inches and 150 pounds purchase levitra professional 20 mg on-line, she is assessment of this patient after the plan of overweight. Study Guide for Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Nursing Care, 7th Edition. For the purposes of this exercise, develop the one patient goal that demonstrates a direct resolution of the patient problem identified in the nursing diagnosis. Study Guide for Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Nursing Care, 7th Edition. Which of the following statements concern- Circle the letter that corresponds to the best ing interactions with basic human needs is answer for each question. As a person strives to meet basic human that takes place as a result of a response to a needs at each level, stress can serve as stressor? Stress affects all people in their attain- anisms is which of the following systems? Autonomic likely suffering from which of the following stressors on basic human needs? Which of the following reactions would be considered anxiety due to a psychological d. You respond to an approaching examination living, and it increases alertness and percep- with a rapidly beating heart and shaking tual fields. Which of the following phrases best on specific detail, causing all behavior to be illustrates the panic level of anxiety? Narrow perception field learn, concentrates only on the present sit- uation, and often experiences feelings of 11. Defense mechanisms are conscious reactions eral task for a patient adapting to acute and to stressors. Projection occurs when a person’s thoughts or impulses are attributed to another d. Despair tries to give questionable behavior a logical or socially acceptable explanation. Depression Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Study Guide for Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Nursing Care, 7th Edition. As the duration, intensity, or number of stressors increases, a person’s ability to adapt is lessened. A teenager being offered a cigarette by a method of preparing the body to either fight friend off a stressor or run away from it. A person who develops diarrhea while under armed services prolonged stress is said to be experiencing a(n) 5. Introjection Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Study Guide for Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Nursing Care, 7th Edition. A patient bangs his hand on the bed waste products tray in frustration over his rehabilitation 14. Functions under normal conditions and anger over a lack of privacy gives the at rest nurse a box of candy. A patient who continually forgets to calcitonin take his medications complains, “There are too many pills to take. A patient who cannot stop smoking responses to stress, and give an example of becomes a fitness fanatic. Match the homeostatic regulators of the body listed in Part A with their action listed in a.

A participant who is reading a book might report order 20 mg levitra professional overnight delivery, for instance levitra professional 20mg with amex, that he saw some black and colored straight and curved marks on a white background. In other studies the structuralists used newly invented reaction time instruments to systematically assess not only what the participants were thinking but how long it took them to do so. Wundt discovered that it took people longer to report what sound they had just heard than to simply respond that they had heard the sound. These studies marked the first time researchers realized that there is a difference between the sensation of a stimulus and theperception of that stimulus, and the idea of using reaction times to study mental events has now become a mainstay of cognitive psychology. Perhaps the best known of the structuralists was Edward Bradford Titchener (1867–1927). Titchener was a student of Wundt who came to the United States in the late 1800s and founded a laboratory at Cornell University. In his research using introspection, Titchener and his students claimed to have identified more than 40,000 sensations, including those relating to vision, hearing, and taste. An important aspect of the structuralist approach was that it was rigorous and scientific. The research marked the beginning of psychology as a science, because it demonstrated that mental events could be quantified. Even highly trained research participants were often unable to report on their subjective experiences. When the participants were asked to do simple math problems, they could easily do them, but they could not easily answer how they did them. Thus the structuralists were the first to realize the importance of unconscious processes—that many important aspects of human psychology occur outside our conscious awareness, and that psychologists cannot expect research participants to be able to accurately report on all of their experiences. Functionalism and Evolutionary Psychology In contrast to Wundt, who attempted to understand the nature of consciousness, the goal of William James and the other members of the school of functionalism was to understand why Attributed to Charles Stangor Saylor. As he put it in his psychology textbook, “My thinking is first and last and always for the sake of my doing‖ [6] (James, 1890). James and the other members of the functionalist school were influenced by Charles Darwin’s (1809–1882) theory of natural selection, which proposed that the physical characteristics of animals and humans evolved because they were useful, or functional. The functionalists believed that Darwin‘s theory applied to psychological characteristics too. Just as some animals have developed strong muscles to allow them to run fast, the human brain, so functionalists thought, must have adapted to serve a particular function in human experience. Although functionalism no longer exists as a school of psychology, its basic principles have been absorbed into psychology and continue to influence it in many ways. The work of the functionalists has developed into the field ofevolutionary psychology, a branch of psychology that applies the Darwinian theory of natural selection to human and animal behavior(Dennett, [7] 1995; Tooby & Cosmides, 1992). Evolutionary psychology accepts the functionalists’ basic assumption, namely that many human psychological systems, including memory, emotion, and personality, serve key adaptive functions. As we will see in the chapters to come, evolutionary psychologists use evolutionary theory to understand many different behaviors including romantic attraction, stereotypes and prejudice, and even the causes of many psychological disorders. Fitness refers to the extent to which having a given characteristic helps the individual organism survive and reproduce at a higher rate than do other members of the species who do not have the characteristic. Fitter organisms pass on their genes more successfully to later generations, making the characteristics that produce fitness more likely to become part of the organism’s nature than characteristics that do not produce fitness. For example, it has been argued that the emotion of jealousy has survived over time in men because men who experience jealousy are more fit than men who do not. Despite its importance in psychological theorizing, evolutionary psychology also has some limitations. Unlike the fossils that are used to learn about the physical evolution of species, we cannot know which psychological characteristics our ancestors possessed or did not possess; we can only make guesses about this. Because it is difficult to directly test evolutionary theories, it is always possible that the explanations we apply are made up after the fact to account for observed data [9] (Gould & Lewontin, 1979). Nevertheless, the evolutionary approach is important to psychology because it provides logical explanations for why we have many psychological characteristics. Psychodynamic Psychology Perhaps the school of psychology that is most familiar to the general public is the psychodynamic approach to understanding behavior, which was championed by Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) and his followers.

Sudden infant death syndrome is the sudden order 20mg levitra professional fast delivery, aged children are traffic cheap levitra professional 20 mg without prescription, bicycle, and water safety. Parents should be aware that Nurses should work with parents and teachers to the highest incidence occurs in families who are recognize mental health disorders and to encour- poor or live in crowded housing in cold months age physical fitness and positive self-identity. Adolescent and young adult: Nurses should edu- health, smoking, and nutrition are being investi- cate adolescents and family members about sub- gated; infants should sleep on their side or back. Nurses and parents should be aware of physical, or sexual abuse of a child by a parent or the adolescent’s need to belong to a peer group, other caregiver. Prepubescence: Secondary sex characteristics vide interventions for high-risk families. Pubescence: Secondary sex characteristics permanence, following simple commands, and continue to develop, and ova and sperm begin anticipating events. Postpubescence: Reproductive functioning and nurse should be aware that the toddler may secondary sex characteristics reach adult maturity. Study Guide for Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Nursing Care, 7th Edition. Leming states that she values Physiologic development: The early years are her health and the health of her fetus enough to marked by maximum physical development and stop smoking and drinking alcohol. What intellectual, technical, interpersonal, and/or social relationships, increased responsibility, and ethical/legal competencies are most likely to bring awareness of one’s own mortality about the desired outcome? Cognitive, moral, and spiritual development: Intellectual: knowledge of the developmental needs Intellectual abilities change from those of the of fetuses and the effects of maternal behaviors, young adult. There is increased motivation to such as smoking and alcohol consumption on the learn. Problem-solving abilities remain, although fetus response time may be slightly longer. Older adulthood: assistance necessary to assess and meet the needs Physiologic development: The process of aging of a pregnant woman and her fetus becomes more rapid. All organ systems undergo Interpersonal: ability to demonstrate nonjudgmen- some degree of decline, and the body becomes tal attitude when interacting in potentially less efficient. Cross-linkage theory: As one ages, cross-links Multiple Response Questions accumulate, leading to essential molecules in the 1. Study Guide for Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Nursing Care, 7th Edition. Disengagement theory: Maintains that an older Interpersonal: ability to establish trusting adult withdraws from societal interactions professional relationships with adult patients of dif- because it is mutually desired and satisfying for ferent ages, respecting their developmental needs both the individual and society Ethical/Legal: ability to practice in an ethically and f. Activity theory: Successful aging involves the legally defensible manner, maintaining the rights of ability to maintain high levels of activity and the aging adult functioning. Touch: The nurse gently squeezes a patient’s in social and physical activities and drinking less. What intellectual, technical, interpersonal, and/or this touch may express fear, gratitude, ethical/legal competencies are most likely to bring acceptance, and so on. The Intellectual: knowledge of the theories of aging as patient may be expressing defenselessness or they relate to the changes faced by the aging adult avoidance of communication. Facial expressions: A patient grimaces when niques to address the changes associated with the looking at his surgical incision. The patient aging adult Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Study Guide for Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Nursing Care, 7th Edition. Posture: A patient stands erect with good body to determine whether patient objectives or alignment. The motes the continuity of care given by nurses patient may be accommodating an illness. The patient is most for an interaction guides the nurse toward likely happy with the results. Providing a comfortable environment: A com- may be experiencing a life-threatening fortable environment in which the patient and condition. Relationships are enhanced when been bedridden for a week asks to take a shower the atmosphere is relaxed and unhurried. Maintaining confidentiality: The patient should riencing difficulty with this relationship. Silence: A patient who has undergone a mastec- access to clinical or personal information.