Advair Diskus

By K. Berek. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.

Now add 100 ml ethyl ether (read the text on getting ethyl ether from Chapater 3: Making Meth) to a 150 ml beaker advair diskus 100mcg mastercard. Dump the milky liquid into the ether and stir briskly and allow the water to settle and collect on the bottom buy generic advair diskus 250mcg on-line. Using a glass eye dropper, remove this water from the bottom of the beaker and dispose of. Now mix up a solution of 5ml 28% hydrochloric acid and 5ml distilled water and add this to the ether in the beaker. Stir briskly keeping as much acid/water suspended as possible for several minutes. Using a glass eye dropper, remove this water layer from the bottom of the ether and transfer to a glass petri dish. Slowly add small portions of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) to the water/acid solution in the petri until you don’t notice any more bubbles being formed. Table salt is a by-product of the reaction and will not hurt you at all when injected. Place 100 mg of this powder in a test tube, add 10 cc sterile isotonic water for injection (available over the counter at drug stores) and heat to boiling. Transfer this liquid while still hot using a syringe (available over the counter at some drug stores) to a 10 ml rubber stoppered empty sterile ampoule (available over the counter at drug stores). To use this drug which is 10mg/ml, extract with a sterile syringe as much drug as you wish to use. Using heroin in this manner avoids the problems associated with “street use” and will keep your body healthy and safe, reducing the risk of disease and overdosage. When shooting up, locate the valve and inject either above it or below it, never into it. When you lift your finger, the valve will open and that’s when you know you found a valve. Use a big rubber band (used on most sling shots) because it is soft wide and elastic. When shooting in veins lower down on your arm move the torniquet below your elbow. The veins in your hand are more fragile and smaller then the other veins in your arm. Try to use smaller guage needle and inject much more slowly than you would in a a big arm vein. The reason for that is that you inject too fast, you put too much pressure on your delicate vein which can burst. Trying to inject against the flow will increase the chance of blowing out a valve, doing damage to your vein or wasting drugs. This will help prevent track marks, infections or abscesses, because when you get rid of dirt and germs on your skin you don’t jamm them into your body. Wash your hands if you can before touching your injection site, needle, cooker/spoon, cotton, and your drugs. Even though there may be unknown stuff in your drug, you still want to be as clean as possible and reduce any harm to yourself. Dental cotton is the best because it is made of very long, flexible, clean fibers, that will not break off and get injected into your vein. It also has a little hole in the center that helps protect the point of the needle. Dental cottons are also best because they are already rolled into a ball and you don’t have to handle them much, so there is less chance of breaking fibers or getting other stuff in your mix. Other filters, cotton balls, cigarette filters and Q-Tips may contain short, sharp, brittle fibers that can eaily break off and be injected along with your drug which can cause all kinds of bad shit, like infections, abscesses and clogged veins. Syringe exchanges provide dental cotton in convenient little plastic bags, which makes them easy to carry and keeps them clean. Some people say dental cotton is too small and put two or three of them together into the cooker.

Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions Allopurinol is not known to alter the accuracy of laboratory tests buy 250mcg advair diskus otc. Subsequent adjustment of doses of mercaptopurine or azathioprine should be made on the basis of therapeutic response and the appearance of toxic effects buy advair diskus 500 mcg otc. Thiazide Diuretics: Renal function may be more likely to deteriorate with the combination of allopurinol and thiazide diuretics and, in patients on thiazide diuretics, allopurinol dosage levels should be more conservative. Amoxicillin: An increase in the frequency of skin rash has been reported among patients receiving amoxicillin concurrently with allopurinol compared to patients who are not receiving both drugs. Cyclosporin: Cyclosporin levels may be increased during concomitant treatment with allopurinol. Monitoring of cyclosporin levels and possible adjustment of cyclosporin dosage should be considered when these drugs are co-administered. Musculoskeletal System: Exacerbation of gout during initial treatment, arthralgias Haematological System: Eosinophilia and mild leukocytosis or leukopaenia Allopurinol! Store at room temperature 15-30°C; protect from light Compatible with: normal saline, D5W, D10W, Glucose and Sodium chloride, Hartmann’s. Do not mix with other medications – many medications with precipitate if mixed with aminophylline. Aminophylline should be ceased if the patient develops significant renal impairment. Theophylline directly relaxes the smooth muscle of the bronchial airway and pulmonary blood vessels, thus acting mainly as a bronchodilator and smooth muscle relaxant. It has also been demonstrated that aminophylline has a potent effect on diaphragmatic contractility in normal persons and may then be capable of reducing fatigability and therapy improve contractility in patients with chronic obstructive airway disease. Underlying seizure disorders (unless receiving appropriate anticonvulsant medications). Serious side effects such as ventricular arrhythmias, convulsions or even death may appear as the first sign of toxicity without any previous warning. A serum concentration measurement is the only reliable method of predicting potentially life-threatening toxicity. Theophylline products may cause or worsen arrhythmias and any significant change in rate and/or rhythm warrants measurement of a serum level and consideration of cessation of the drug. Nervous System: Headaches, reflex hyperexcitability, muscle twitching, clonic and tonic generalized convulsions. Administration via a central line is preferred Store at room temperature; do not refrigerate. Hypotension should be treated by vasopressor drugs, positive inotropic agents, and volume expansion. Additional measures including drug therapy and/or temporary pacing may be required if bradycardia does not resolve. Rare cases of fatal hepatocellular necrosis after treatment with amiodarone have been reported. Like all antiarrhythmic agents, amiodarone may cause a worsening of existing arrhythmias or precipitate a new arrhythmia. There have been reports of acute-onset (days to weeks) pulmonary injury in patients treated with amiodarone. Findings have included pulmonary infiltrates on X-ray, bronchospasm, wheezing, fever, dyspnea, cough, haemoptysis, and hypoxia. Laboratory Tests: Consider measurement of thyroid function as a baseline (if not measured previously). Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions Amiodarone alters the results of thyroid-function tests, causing an increase in serum T4 and serum reverse T3, and a decline in serum T3 levels. Antiarrhythmics: in general, any added antiarrhythmic drug should be initiated at a lower than usual dose with careful monitoring. This drug is not recommended for use during the acute recovery phase following myocardial infarction.

Most micronized drugs for inhalation will have particle densities around 1 generic 250mcg advair diskus visa, although materials produced by freeze-drying or spray-drying methods are likely to be significantly less dense buy advair diskus 100mcg amex. It should not be assumed, however, that the uptake of water vapor will always occur. If the drug is given as an aerosolized powder then the drug first needs to dissolve in the mucus layer. Although mucus has a very high water content, varying between approximately 90–95%, its viscosity may result in a slow dissolution of drugs. Thus dissolution may be a rate determining step, especially for poorly soluble drugs, such as some of the corticosteroids which are delivered as dry powder aerosols. Improvement of drug penetration into mucus has been attempted using mucolytic drugs such as N- acetylcysteine, which act to reduce mucus viscosity. Highly water-soluble drugs, given as dry powder 256 aerosols, may dissolve at the very high relative humidity (>99%) present in the airways air and impact as solution droplets. Once in solution, the drug will diffuse through the mucus layer and enter the aqueous environment of the epithelial lining fluid. The rate of diffusion through the mucus will be dependent upon such factors as: • the thickness of the mucus layer; • mucus viscosity—although it should be appreciated that it is the viscosity of the mucus gel intersticies (i. Mucus secretion may be stimulated as a response to “assault” by what the lung perceives as foreign bodies such as microorganisms and dusts or irritants such as cigarette smoke. Airways disease states such as bronchitis, cystic fibrosis and asthma are often associated with a hypersecretion of mucus. Clearly this presents a far greater barrier than is seen in the normal healthy lung. Many studies have been performed with a variety of antibiotics delivered by aerosol for the treatment of chronic lung infections. The studies have produced mixed results with delivery to the lung from the bloodstream (after oral or parenteral dosing) often producing better clinical response. A number of factors, including the efficiency of drug delivery, may be responsible for these observations, but the overproduction of mucus in these disease states also seems likely to play a major role in preventing the drug reaching its target microorganism. A detailed discussion of the structure and properties of mucus and respiratory mucins is given in Chapter 9 (Section 9. The cilia beat at approximately 1,000 beats min−1 in an organized fashion and the ciliary movement may be conceived as a form of rhythmic waving which enables hook-like structures at the ciliary tips to propel mucus along the airways to the throat (see Section 9. Mucociliary clearance is an organized, complex process which is highly dependent upon the composition and depth of the epithelial lining fluid and the viscoelastic properties of the mucus. This may cause an overloading of the ciliary transport process, resulting in 257 a debilitated mucociliary clearance and the build-up of mucus as a thick, highly viscous layer. Thus while the mucociliary clearance of particles takes hours under normal circumstances, induced coughing may result in rapid removal of mucus and any associated drug within minutes. It should be remembered, however, that aerosolized drug deposition is likely to occur over a large surface area in the healthy and mild to moderate airways diseased lung. Coughing will remove mucus from a few localized areas where build-up has occurred and thus the fraction of the deposited dose removed by coughing is likely to be small. In cases of severe lung disease, drug deposition is likely to be highly localized and the situation may be different. For example, in cystic fibrosis patients, high levels of gentamicin, representing significant proportions of the deposited dose, were found in the sputum, when the aerosolized drug was deposited in the central airways. The main route is via the mucociliary escalator, although transport from the A region to the start of the mucociliary escalator is a very slow process and may involve transport through interstitium and lymphatic tissues in addition to a transfer by random movement by macrophages. Macrophages may also be transported via lymphatic systems to lymph nodes and the bloodstream. The uptake of particles by macrophages is a fairly rapid process but the subsequent clearance of particle-laden macrophages only occurs over days or weeks. Absorption is clearly important for systemically-acting drugs since it is one element of the events leading to delivery of drug to its site of action. Absorption is equally important for locally-acting drugs since for these compounds it represents removal of drug from its site of action. Metabolism of drugs is also an important consideration since it may lead to drug inactivation or the production of active or toxic metabolites. These same features also offer great potential for the delivery of systemically-acting compounds.