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By R. Kalesch. The Transworld University.

It is most likely that the pressure exerted on the devel- oping brain tissue by the hydrocephaly is a more con- Other methods for managing cases of L1CAM spec- sistent and important cause of the MR seen in these trum disorders are focused on the specific features the patients discount vasotec 5 mg line. Special education is almost oped in some patients with L1CAM mutations is the always necessary 10 mg vasotec with amex, with the specific program designed to corticospinal tract. The corticospinal tract begins in the accommodate the degree of cognitive disability seen in motor control region of the cerebral cortex and runs the individual patient. Physical therapy and mechanical downward to connect with the spinal cord neurons that aids such as walkers can be used to help patients with control the legs. Speech therapy has cospinal tract is probably the cause of the shuffling also benefited some of the less severely aphasic patients. Turner syndrome X 45,X (monosomy) 1 in 2,000 Growth retardation Infertility Cardiovascular malformations Learning disabilities Klinefelter syndrome X 47,XXY (trisomy) 1 in 500–800 Taller than average Poor upper body strength; clumsiness Mild intentional tremor (20–50%) Breast enlargement (33%) Decreased testosterone production Infertility Dyslexia (50%) Triple X X 47,XXX (trisomy) 1 in 1,000 Mild delays in motor, linguistic and emotional development Learning disabilities Slightly taller than average XYY syndrome Y 47,XYY 1 in 1,000 Taller than average Lack of coordination Acne Some infertility Learning disabilities (50%) Behavior problems, especially impulse control XX male syndrome Y 46,X,t(X,Y) (translocation 1 in 20,000–25,000 Usually normal male physical of the SRY gene [90%] features but may have ambiguous or other gene genitalia, hypospadias or responsible for male undescended testes sex determination) Infertility Shorter than average deficiency in plasmalogens. Since the plasmalogens are (short arm of chromosome 2 at 2p15), peroxisome bio- required for the formation of myelin, the myelin is defec- genesis factor 6 (short arm of chromosome 6 at 6p21), tive. Bile arm of chromosome 12 at 12p13), and peroxisome bio- is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile then helps to break down these fats to prepare them for further diges- The cause of Zellweger syndrome is a failure of the tion. Bile acid is produced during the breakdown of cho- peroxisomes to be able to bring newly created peroxiso- lesterol. Babies with Zellweger syndrome have severe devel- The peroxisome membranes may be present, but are opmental retardation and impairment of their central empty, like the wood frame of an empty house. They lack muscle tone (hypotonia), and empty peroxisomes have been called peroxisome are often blind or deaf. They will frequently have jaundice in the new- born period that is more serious and lasts longer than usual. Jaundice is a yellow discoloration of the skin and The frequency of this condition is estimated to be 1 eyes caused by too much bilirubin in the blood. There is no reported difference in the inci- a symptom of many disorders including liver disease. The characteristic facial features of Zellweger syn- drome include: Zellweger syndrome is an autosomal recessive con- dition. This means that in order to have the condition, an • high forehead individual needs to inherit one copy of the for • widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism) Zellweger syndrome from each parent. An individual • low, broad, or flat nasal bridge who has only one copy of the gene is called a carrier for the condition and does not have any signs or symptoms • “full” cheeks of the condition. When two parents are carriers for • small chin (micrognathia) Zellweger syndrome, they have a 25% chance, with each • forward tilting (anteverted) nostrils pregnancy, for having an affected child. They have a 50% chance for having a child who is a carrier for the condi- • vertical fold of skin over the inner corner of the eye tion and a 25% chance for having a child who is neither (epicanthal fold) affected nor a carrier for Zellweger syndrome. There are many gene mutations that have been identified that Other characteristics include, but are not limited to: are involved with the creation of functioning peroxi- • breech presentation at birth (feet first) somes. The gene located on the long arm of chromosome • extremely weak muscles (hypotonia) 7, at 7q21-q22, is in part responsible for the creation of peroxisomes. The gene product is called peroxisome bio- • weak sucking and swallowing reflexes genesis factor 1 or Peroxin 1 (PEX 1). When a gene • high arched palate change or mutation occurs in this area that does not allow • absent deep tendon reflexes for normal creation of the peroxisomes, then the peroxi- somes are not created, leading to Zellweger syndrome. These include, but are not limited to, peroxisome biogenesis factor 13 • enlarged spleen A human zygote. Phone: (212) 315-8700 or (800) 586- Fax: (301) 231-7392 Evanston, IL 60201 4872 E-mail: anxdis@adaa. Louis, MO 63126 PO Box 515 1209 Montgomery Highway Phone: (314) 965-3356 Northampton, MA 01061-0515 Birmingham, AL 35216-2809 Phone: (413) 268-7660 Phone: (205) 978-5000 Website: http:// NW Washington, DC 20005 9650 Rockville Pike Phone: (202) 789-7400 Bethesda, MD 20814-3998 Website: http:// Louis, MO 63141 Phone: (817) 261-6003 Phone: (314) 991-4100 Website: http://thearc. Phone: (253) 531-2878 or (800) 999- Minneapolis, MN 55407-2603 3429 509 East Northmont Way Phone: (612) 823-3529 Website: http://www Salt Lake City, UT 84103-3324. Petersburg, FL 3371 2001 Jefferson Davis Highway #209 Services Phone: (813) 522-5772 Arlington, VA 22202 5600 Fishers Lane Website: http:// NW, #404 Washington, DC 20008-2304 Phone: (202) 966-5557 2618 Avenue Z 317 East 34th Street, Room 901 Helpline: (800) 336-GENE Brooklyn, NY 11235-2023 New York, NY 10016 Fax: (888) 394-3937 Phone: (718) 743-4473 or (800) 458- Phone: (212) 684-5860 or (800) 393- E-mail: info@geneticalliance 865 3223 Website: http://

Other happiness vasotec 5mg without prescription, though (especially at higher doses) the indi- drugs order 5 mg vasotec with visa, such as MDMA, induce the release of endogenous vidual can vacillate between euphoria and depression. At higher doses the stimulatory effects are more pronounced and the likelihood of tremendous mood swings more likely. INHALANTS At near anesthetic doses, it produces more typical de- pressant effects, including motor incoordination, Volatile chemicals and gases that produce behavioral ef- catalepsy, vacant stare, or even amnesia. The two derivatives are referred to as drugs in that it is confined primarily to juveniles and China White and are 900 and 1,100 times as potent as young adults. Meperidine has also been used as a template trous oxide by young medical professionals who have for preparing synthetic heroin, the end product being ready access to this agent. However, MPPP is sometimes contaminated with the Deaths occur occasionally by individuals inhaling ni- side reaction product 1-methyl,4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetra- trous oxide alone. Volatile organic solvents are usually hydropyridine (MPTP), which produces a parkinsonian aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Several substi- stances such as gasoline, paint and lacquer thinners, tuted derivatives of amphetamine have also been called lighter fluid, degreasers (methyl chloride and methylene designer drugs. The most widely known of this group is chloride), and the solvents in airplane glue, typewriter the hallucinogen MDMA (ecstasy). Judgment and perception of reality are impaired, ANABOLIC STEROIDS and hallucinations may be produced. The mechanism by Historically, drugs used to increase the ability of an which inhalants produce their behavioral effects are athlete to perform in a given sport included the use of poorly understood, but there are some indications that stimulants to diminish the onset of fatigue or opiates to their actions are similar to those of other centrally acting diminish the pain of exertion. Toxicity depends on the bolic–androgenic steroids (derivatives of testosterone) properties of the individual solvents. They are used to increase muscle size and of inhaling these substances can be severe, for they have definition (in the case of body-building competitors) been implicated in producing cancer, cardiotoxicity, neu- and are sometimes coabused with other growth en- ropathies, and hepatotoxicity. In sports in which mass, physical size, or even total strength (a func- tion of total muscle mass) is important, the abuse of an- DESIGNER DRUGS abolic steroids provides a shortcut to attainment of the In an effort to avoid federal regulations, chemists in physical stature that might otherwise require much clandestine laboratories adopted the strategy of synthe- more extensive training and exercise. Although misconception to believe that anabolic steroid abuse is these drugs are technically not illegal until scheduled, limited to professional athletes and body builders. Efforts to make synthetic adult men and women who are not athletes, who are heroin led to the synthesis of at least six chemicals that blue-collar and white-collar workers, and by male and are structurally similar to fentanyl. These agents gained female athletes at the college, high school, and junior considerable attention because their increased potency high school levels. A 28-year-old man, a long-term opioid user, is hostility and tells you that he is being pursued by brought to the emergency department with typical strangers. A patient is brought into the emergency depart- (D) He abuses heroin and should be prescribed ment on Saturday night exhibiting paranoia and methadone maintenance. The lack of (C) People who abuse drugs today choose heroin availability is a major reason these compounds are and cocaine over barbiturates. The abstinence syndrome in chronic al- (C) Heroin cohol or barbiturate users consists of hallucinations, (D) Alcohol tremors, hyperthermia, and autonomic hyperactiv- (E) Amphetamine ity. A patient has piloerection, mydriasis, increased and amphetamine is not as stereotyped as for opi- blood pressure, and abdominal cramps. Drug and Alcohol Abuse: Clinical Guide syndrome but it is unlikely to help the patient ter- to Diagnosis and Treatment (4th ed. Initially he and his friends deny any ram to block the metabolism of alcohol and cause drugs other than a couple of beers at the party. Hefti 421 Antiinflammator y and 3636 Antirheumatic Drugs Karen A. Woodfork and Knox Van Dyke DRUG LIST GENERIC NAME PAGE GENERIC NAME PAGE Alprostadil 425 Infliximab 435 Anakinra 435 Ketoprofen 430 Antipyrine 432 Ketorolac 430 Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) 429 Latanoprost 426 Auranofin 436 Leflunomide 434 Aurothioglucose 436 Magnesium salicylate 429 Azathioprine 437 Meclofenamate sodium 431 Carboprost 426 Mefenamic acid 431 Celecoxib 431 Meloxicam 431 Chloroquine 434 Methotrexate 432 Choline magnesium trisalicylate 429 Minocycline 437 Choline salicylate 429 Misoprostol 425 Cyclophosphamide 437 Nabumetone 431 Cyclosporine 437 Naproxen 430 Diclofenac 430 Oxaprozin 431 Dinoprostone 425 Penicillamine 437 Epoprostenol 426 Piroxicam 431 Etanercept 435 Prednisone 437 Etodolac 430 Rofecoxib 431 Fenoprofen 430 Sodium salicylate 429 Flurbiprofen 431 Sulfasalazine 433 Gold sodium thiomalate 436 Sulindac 430 Hydroxychloroquine 434 Tolmetin 430 Ibuprofen 430 Zafirlukast 426 Indomethacin 429 Zileuton 426 423 424 V THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS OF INFLAMMATORY AND SELECTED OTHER CLINICAL DISORDERS The classical signs of inflammation are redness, anti-inflammatory drugs arises when the inflammatory swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. The actual ex- response is inappropriate, aberrant, sustained, or causes pression of these processes depends on the site of in- destruction of tissue. In contrast, pneumonia, because of the inaccessibility of the lung to THE INFLAMMATORY PROCESS examination, may manifest only as loss of function (shortness of breath and hypoxia). Nevertheless, similar Inflammation begins when a stimulus, such as infection, pathological processes occur in both sites.

MDS is now classified as a Demographics “micro-deletion syndrome” because it is the result of the absence of genes that are normally located in this region MDS is present in fewer than one in 100 generic vasotec 5mg line,000 births order vasotec 5mg without prescription. In 1993, research scientists identified There is no information to suggest that the syndrome is one of the genes in this region. The main evidence Signs and symptoms for this was that the LIS1 gene was missing in a number of individuals with isolated lissencephaly; that is, Infants with MDS are usually small at birth. Researchers then studied a number of patients head with furrows and vertical ridges, indentation of with MDS and found over 90% of them were missing the the temples, a small, upturned nose, up-slanting eyes, a LIS1 gene as well as other, as yet unidentified genes, on small mouth, a thick, broad upper lip with a thin bor- the short arm of chromosome 17. Some that the characteristic facial appearance and other abnor- infants with MDS also have birth defects involving the malities seen in MDS are due to the deletion of these other heart and kidneys. Most genes, including all genes on the autosomes (non-sex chromosomes), are normally present in pairs. MDS infants have a very limited capacity for devel- Individuals with MDS who have a micro-deletion of a opment due to the lissencephaly and associated brain small region of the short arm of one copy of their chro- abnormalities. Either the fluid itself or cells from the fluid can be used for a variety of tests to obtain Inversion—A type of chromosomal defect in which information about genetic disorders and other med- a broken segment of a chromosome attaches to the ical conditions in the fetus. Autosomal dominant—A pattern of genetic inheri- Lissencephaly—A condition in which the brain has tance where only one abnormal gene is needed to a smooth appearance because the normal convolu- display the trait or disease. Autosomal recessive—A pattern of genetic inheri- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)—A technique tance where two abnormal genes are needed to dis- that employs magnetic fields and radio waves to play the trait or disease. A special x ray technique used to examine various Micro-deletion syndrome—A collection of signs tissues, particularly the brain, in great detail. Chorionic villus biopsy—A procedure used for pre- Opisthotonos—An arched position of the body in natal diagnosis at 10-12 weeks gestation. Under which only the head and feet touch the floor or bed ultrasound guidance a needle is inserted either when the patient is lying on their back. Prenatal diagnosis—The determination of whether These cells are then tested for chromosome abnor- a fetus possesses a disease or disorder while it is still malities or other genetic diseases. Contiguous gene syndrome—A genetic syndrome Syndrome—A group of signs and symptoms that caused by the deletion of two or more genes located collectively characterize a disease or disorder. Translocation—The transfer of one part of a chro- FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization)— mosome to another chromosome during cell divi- Technique used to detect small deletions or sion. A balanced translocation occurs when pieces rearrangements in chromosomes by attempting to from two different chromosomes exchange places attach a fluorescent (glowing) piece of a chromo- without loss or gain of any chromosome material. An unbalanced translocation involves the unequal Gastrostomy—The construction of an artificial loss or gain of genetic information between two opening from the stomach through the abdominal chromosomes. X-linked—Located on the X chromosome, one of Haploinsufficiency—The lack of one of the two the sex chromosomes. Haploinsufficiency can acteristic pattern of inheritance from one generation result in a genetic disorder if normal function to the next. Infants with MDS may be able to do little more than roll and increases the risk of pneumonia because the infants over. Convulsions (seizures) develop within a few weeks can accidentally inhale baby formula into their lungs. Most newborns with MDS Head size is usually in the normal range at birth, but poor have low muscle tone (hypotonia), but later develop stiff- brain growth means that, by the age of one year, the chil- ness (spasticity) and an arching of the body dren have a smaller-than-normal head size (micro- (opisthotonos). GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GENETIC DISORDERS 745 Diagnosis option is particularly important for the 20% of MDS fam- ilies where one parent carries a balanced chromosome MDS is not the only disorder associated with rearrangement. Autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, affected child depends on the exact type of chromosome and X-linked patterns of inheritance have been described rearrangement present and may be as high as 25-33%. Less commonly, normal, the risk of having another child with MDS is low lissencephaly can also be the result of fetal infections (1% or less). Either chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or such as prenatal cytolomegalovirus (CMV). An accurate amniocentesis can be used early in a pregnancy to diagnosis of MDS is important not only because it can obtain a small sample of cells from the developing provide a prognosis for the affected child, but because it embryo for chromosome studies. Early prenatal diagno- can give parents an estimate of their risk for having sis by ultrasound is not reliable because the brain is nor- another child with MDS. Couples who are MDS may be suspected in the newborn period if an considering prenatal diagnosis should discuss the risks infant has the characteristic facial features along with low and benefits of this type of testing with a geneticist or muscle tone. Feedings can be made chromosomes through the microscope using traditional through the tube. A special technique called FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization) can detect chromosome Death often occurs in the first three months of life regions where very small pieces of DNA are missing.